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What is testosterone?

Testosterone is an important sex hormone (androgen), which occurs in both sexes, but in this concentration and effect in men and women differs. As with all androgens, the basic structure of testosterone from androstane (19 C atoms). The precursor of testosterone, the progestogens (21 C atoms), or DHEA.

Testosterone is an invented word, from the testis (testicle) and steroid is derived. It was created by Ernst Laqueur, who first isolated from bull testes. In men, testosterone is largely under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone) in the intermediate Leydigschen cells produced in the testes. The adrenal cortex creates small amounts of other androgens, but only in very low levels of testosterone. When women produce the ovaries and the adrenal cortex, small quantities of testosterone. In the biosynthesis of the organism is the precursor of cholesterol (precursor), or progesterone is an intermediate product for the synthesis of testosterone

Testosterone has a direct effect?

Testosterone has a direct effect on the testicles. It is bound to a protein through the blood to many other target organs are transported, the receptors for this hormone have. The transport protein called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). In the body, a portion of testosterone by the enzyme 5α-reductase to the more biologically active dihydrotestosterone (DHT) metabolized. Via a negative feedback in the Testosterone inhibits pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and in the hypothalamus of the Gonadoliberins, which also gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is called.

Testosterone is the Androgenbindungsprotein (ABP) in Sertoli cells, transported to the Samenkanälchen. Here it causes the maturation of spermatids to spermatozoa (see also testicular function). Moreover, the effect of testosterone in male puberty, the individuals in the development of the penis, scrotum, the accessory sex glands and secondary sex characteristics in adults and provides for the maintenance of these characteristics.

Outside of the sex organs of the hormone promotes the growth of body hair and beard hair (but not the Kopfhauptbehaarung; see hair loss) and has an anabolic, which means muscle effect. A high testosterone levels promotes the emergence and the increase of sexual desire (libido), and generally drive, stamina and zest for life ", as well as dominant and aggressive behavior. As ethological effects in animals were Imponiergehabe, fighting behavior and Begattungsdrang researched and monitored. These are under natural circumstances, mostly good behavior. This was followed by castration and hormone intake in animals (powerful, aggressive stallions are gentle, adapted geldings) proved.

Why do women need testosterone Aging:

By Edward R. Rosick, DO, MPH, MS
Ways to increase testosterone naturally
Many women are still leery of hormonal supplements such as testosterone. Others do not have the luxury of a doctor, is also versed in integrative therapies. Most mainstream doctors still cling to the idea that testosterone is a hormone of the people and supplementing with it has no place in women's health, even with the wealth of scientific evidence differently. The good news is that there are some good, natural way a woman can safely increase their testosterone levels to an optimal health in their forties, fifties, sixties and beyond.

Several studies have shown that resistance exercise can increase men's testosterone levels. Some less known but equally impressive studies show that exercise can also increase women's participation in testosterone levels, whether they are 20 or 60 years old. A study in 2001 investigated the acute effects of resistance exercise in 47 women aged from 19 to 25.10 after only six sets of repetitive movements squat exercises, significant increases were observed in both free and total testosterone levels. A study in 2002 investigated the effects of endurance and resistance exercise in hormonal levels, including testosterone, in women 19-69 years of age.11 As in the previous study, testosterone levels increased significantly among women have either endurance or resistance exercise, regardless their age. Another study in 2003 that the hormonal effects of high-impact physical activity in 25 early postmenopausal women aged 53-59 showed a significant and acute increase in testosterone levels following exercise.12

Testosterone levels:

Testosterone is usually as the male hormone responsible for the normal development of male sex and reproductive organs, and the development of secondary male sex characteristics, including hair loss (and loss) patterns, thickening of the vocal cord, muscle development, and other characteristics. Normal testosterone levels are necessary for maintaining healthy mood, energy, bone marrow production, fertility, and sexual desire. Women also need testosterone, whose levels need not be as high as that of men, but their optimal levels should be sufficient to maintain a good health. Testosterone levels in equilibrium must be eliminated migraines in men and women.

Measurement of testosterone levels is part of the male and female hormone panels to be used in determining the amount of other steroid hormones. The optimum range for men is 650-827 ng / dl in women, 60-76 ng / dl.

Testosterone supplements are available in oral form (capsules, tablets), by injection, through a transdermal patch, and in a gel. I recommend the latter form because it is an individual dose, and is easy to use. While it is necessary to balance testosterone levels with the other steroid hormones as part of The Cure migraine, this balance is often a single person without the use of a testosterone supplement (usually in younger people). In women, correct levels of DHEA can convert into testosterone, when the body recognizes that levels are low. For example, careful use of DHEA (a precursor of testosterone) restoration can help some women achieve their optimal level, while others need a testosterone supplement, at least temporarily.

Testosterone deficiency in men: Causes:

A testosterone deficiency can have different causes. One is a reduction of testosterone concentration in a normal age, physical appearance-related changes. Not only the testosterone levels, but also the blood levels of other substances, such as female sex hormones (estrogens), decreases. Other hand, there are certain circumstances, a lack of testosterone can promote. In addition, some diseases are known, what with a testosterone deficiency to be associated.

From about the 20th Year of life reduces the levels of the protein-bound and free testosterone in men, the total testosterone in the body decreases annually by about one percent, the free testosterone by two percent. This can lead to a testosterone deficiency. But there are certainly older men with hormone values within the standard range. Mainly decreases with age, the free, not in SHBP-bound and hence biologically active testosterone in the male body. This is due to an increasing concentration of the binding protein due SHBP. Also reduces the overall production of testosterone in the testicles.

The reasons for testosterone deficiency are genetic differences, but also depend on the way of life of stakeholders. To influence obesity, stress, alcohol, drugs, certain illnesses or drugs (eg psychotropics, corticosteroids) the testosterone deficient. The hormone levels that influence the disease include chronic diseases, infectious diseases, liver and kidney diseases, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. The aging process diminished with additional mirrors, testosterone regulating hormones, also has an influence on the testosterone deficiency in old age.

Testosterone deficiency in men: symptoms:

The complaints at the lack of testosterone can vary greatly, but are usually low. Not all symptoms are clearly understood. There are parallels between aging processes and other symptoms, associated with testosterone deficiency diseases (eg Prader-Willi syndrome). This suggests that testosterone deficiency is the reason for different changes in old age seems to be:

Testosterone deficiency:

* Decrease in muscle mass and muscle strength * weight gain with redistribution of body fat around the waist * Reduction of sexual desire * tiredness, fatigue or drive * poverty reduction in sperm production * depression and anxiety * Decrease in bone density (osteoporosis) * anemia * reduce the memory function

Testosterone deficiency in men diagnosis:

The diagnosis of testosterone deficiency is easy to make. The suspicion arises usually from the reported complaints, which in an interview due to be ascertained. A physical examination provides information on muscle strength and physique of the person concerned. The testosterone levels may be suspected of using testosterone deficient blood tests can be determined. The possible link between testosterone deficiency and osteoporosis, it is useful to the bone using imaging procedures such as an X-ray examination or computed tomography (CT) to determine.